Autism refers to a common neurodevelopmental condition characterized by a combination of social and non-social symptoms. Decades of biomedical research suggest alterations in genes, hormones, and the brain, but have failed to identify any clear cause applicable to most cases of autism or develop interventions of broad therapeutic value. In recent years, evolutionary psychiatry and neurodiversity have emerged as novel paradigms for reframing cognitive differences like autism that have historically been pathologized, highlighting the strengths of differently thinking people and redefining ‘normal’. This talk will explore various theories of autism and associated evidence, and consider the applications of these diverse perspectives for informing research areas prioritized by the autistic community.