Should We Prevent Off-Label Drug Prescriptions? Empirical Evidence from France

Abstract

After a drug obtains marketing authorization, the usage depends on the regulation of off-label prescriptions for unapproved indications. We investigate the impact of off-label prescription regulation on physicians’ behavior, patients’ health, treatment costs, and pharmaceutical firms’ pricing with a structural demand and supply model. Exploiting rich panel data on physicians’ activities and office visits in France over nine years, we use a model of prescription choice and health outcomes with unobserved patient-level heterogeneity. We identify the demand for on-label and off-label drugs and the effect of prescription choice on health outcomes. On the supply side, we use a Nash-in-Nash bargaining model between the government and the pharmaceutical companies that allows the partial identification of the marginal costs of drugs. Counterfactual simulations show that when we remove off-label drugs from the choice set of physicians, substitution to on-label drugs at constant prices would lead to an increase of 15% in the expenditure on prescription drugs. If we allow bargaining adjustment on drug prices under a ban on off-label prescriptions, the ban would further increase the treatment cost, by 26%, without improving health outcomes.

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Replaces

Tuba Tuncel, “Should We Prevent Off-Label Drug Prescriptions? Empirical Evidence from France”, TSE Working Paper, n. 22-1383, September 2022.

Reference

Tuba Tuncel, “Should We Prevent Off-Label Drug Prescriptions? Empirical Evidence from France”, The Review of Economic Studies, n. rdae060, May 2024, revised June 10, 2026.