Article

Eliciting Beliefs: Proper Scoring Rules, Incentives, Stakes and Hedging

Olivier Armantier et Nicolas Treich

Résumé

Accurate measurements of probabilistic beliefs have become increasingly important both in practice and in academia. Introduced by statisticians in the 1950s to promote truthful reports in simple environments, Proper Scoring Rules (PSR) are now arguably the most popular incentivized mechanisms to elicit an agent's beliefs. This paper generalizes the analysis of PSR to richer environments relevant to economists. More specifically, we combine theory and experiment to study how beliefs reported with a PSR may be biased when i) the PSR payments are increased, ii) the agent has a financial stake in the event she is predicting, and iii) the agent can hedge her prediction by taking an additional action. Our results reveal complex distortions of reported beliefs, thereby raising concerns about the ability of PSR to recover truthful beliefs in general economic environments.

Codes JEL

  • C91: Laboratory, Individual Behavior
  • D81: Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty
  • D84: Expectations • Speculations

Remplace

Olivier Armantier et Nicolas Treich, « Eliciting Beliefs: Proper Scoring Rules, Incentives, Stakes and Hedging », TSE Working Paper, n° 10-156, 15 avril 2010.

Olivier Armantier et Nicolas Treich, « Eliciting Beliefs: Proper Scoring Rules, Incentives, Stakes and Hedging », TSE Working Paper, n° 10-213, décembre 2010.

Référence

Olivier Armantier et Nicolas Treich, « Eliciting Beliefs: Proper Scoring Rules, Incentives, Stakes and Hedging », European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 62, 2013, p. 17–40.

Publié dans

European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 62, 2013, p. 17–40